Casino No Deposit Bonus UK: What the Marketing Really Costs You

Walk into any pub in Leeds on a Friday and someone will tell you they once turned a free tenner into four hundred quid. That story is not an accident. It is a product. The casino no deposit bonus exists because the maths behind it works out beautifully for the operator, and the sooner you understand that maths, the better you will play the offer.

This guide follows one hypothetical player, Dan, a 34-year-old warehouse supervisor from Salford, through the entire lifecycle of a no deposit bonus. We will price up every stage of his journey, name the brands competing for his attention, and show you exactly where the value sits and where it quietly evaporates. No hype, no promises. Just the mechanics.

Why Do UK Casinos Hand Out Free Money?

Dan registers with a brand on a Tuesday evening, claims a £10 no deposit bonus, and thinks he has outsmarted the system. He has not. He has entered a funnel that cost the operator roughly £180 to build, according to figures published by the UK Gambling Commission on marketing spend per new depositing customer.

The average UK online casino spends somewhere between £150 and £250 to acquire a single depositing player. That number comes from affiliate commission structures, paid search, and television airtime on channels like ITV4 during darts coverage. A no deposit bonus is simply the cheapest front door into that acquisition machine.

Here is the calculation that matters. If a brand gives away 5,000 no deposit bonuses at £10 each, that is £50,000 in headline exposure. If 12% of those players convert to a depositor and each depositor is worth £340 in net gaming revenue over 12 months, the operator grosses £204,000. The £50,000 is not generosity. It is a customer acquisition line item.

What Is the Real Cost of a No Deposit Bonus to the Player?

Nothing in cash, but plenty in time and data. Dan hands over his name, date of birth, address, email, mobile number, and often his occupation. That data has a market value. Under UK GDPR the operator can use it for marketing if Dan ticks the right box, and the opt-in rate on no deposit offers sits around 60% in most affiliate funnels.

The second cost is the wagering requirement. A £10 bonus at 40x means Dan must stake £400 before any winnings become withdrawable. At an average online slot RTP of 96%, the house edge is 4%, so the expected loss on that £400 turnover is £16. The bonus is worth £10. Do the arithmetic.

Which Licences Sit Behind These Offers?

Brands holding a UK Gambling Commission licence must follow the rules on bonus terms, including the 2022 changes that banned complex wagering conditions and required clearer T&Cs. That is why Bet365 casino, William Hill casino, Sky Bet casino, Ladbrokes casino, and Paddy Power casino all publish their bonus terms in plain English on a single page.

Offshore operators tell a different story. Many Curacao-licensed brands market to UK players with bonuses of £50, £100, even £500 no deposit, terms buried across three pages, and no UKGC oversight. They are not illegal for you to use, but they sit outside UK dispute resolution, and the Gambling Commission cannot intervene if a withdrawal stalls.

The Anatomy of a No Deposit Offer

Strip away the branding and every no deposit bonus contains the same six components. Understanding them individually is how Dan stops being a statistic and starts being a player who knows what he is signing up for.

Notice the pattern. Offshore brands offer bigger numbers on the front and tighter numbers on the back. A £100 no deposit bonus at 60x wagering means £6,000 in turnover before you see a penny. At 96% RTP the expected loss is £240. The bonus is worth £100. That is not a gift, it is a wager.

What Does a 40x Wagering Requirement Actually Mean?

It means the bonus amount, sometimes bonus plus deposit, must be staked 40 times before withdrawal. Dan's £10 bonus at 40x equals £400 of stakes. If he plays a Pragmatic Play slot at 96.5% RTP, his expected return on that turnover is £386, leaving £14 on the table before he even looks at his balance.

Games contribute differently. Most UK brands count slots at 100%, live dealer tables from Evolution at 10%, and blackjack or roulette at 5% or 0%. Dan could spend an hour on Lightning Roulette and move his wagering bar by 10% of what the same stake would achieve on Gates of Olympus.

Why Do Maximum Cashout Caps Exist?

Because the operator needs to cap its exposure. If 5,000 players each win £2,000 from a £10 bonus, the acquisition cost explodes from £50,000 to £10 million. The cashout cap, usually £50 to £100 on UK no deposit offers, keeps the worst-case scenario predictable.

Dan hits a £340 win on his £10 bonus in our scenario. The cap is £50. He withdraws £50, the rest vanishes. That is not sharp practice, it is disclosed in the terms, but it is the single most common reason players feel cheated by no deposit offers.

UK Brands Compared: Who Offers What

Not all no deposit bonuses are built the same. Below is a comparison of how major UK-facing operators structure their welcome offers. Figures are drawn from published terms as of early 2026 and change frequently, so always verify before registering.

That is a lot of £50. The reason is simple: £50 is the sweet spot where the offer sounds meaningful but the wagering arithmetic still favours the house. PlayOJO casino stands out with no wagering at all, which is why its effective value is higher than a £50 bonus at 40x from a brand like Coral casino or Ladbrokes casino.

Which Brands Actually Offer a True No Deposit Bonus?

Very few UKGC-licensed operators hand out cash before you deposit. The economics do not support it at scale. The exceptions tend to be free spins bundles, free bingo tickets, or free-to-play games with a real-money prize pool. Gala Bingo, Foxy Bingo, Sun Bingo, and Heart Bingo all run free bingo rooms with cash prizes and no deposit needed.

Slots Temple offers free spins on selected slots with no deposit, though winnings are capped and tied to a wagering requirement. 888 Casino has historically run a £20 no deposit offer, though it comes and goes. If you see a UK-licensed brand promising £100 no deposit, read the terms twice.

What About Offshore Operators With Huge No Deposit Offers?

They exist, and they are not illegal for a UK player to use. A Curacao-licensed brand offering £100 no deposit at 60x wagering is simply running a different economic model. The bigger headline pulls in volume, the tighter terms protect the margin, and the lack of UKGC oversight means disputes go nowhere.

Brands in this category include a long list of names that market heavily through streamers and social media. The bonus is real. The withdrawal process is where the friction lives, and the average time to process a withdrawal from a non-UKGC operator can stretch to 5 to 10 working days versus 24 hours at a UKGC brand.

Dan's Journey: A Step-by-Step Walkthrough

Back to Dan. He has seen an ad on a football stream, clicked through to a brand we will call Brand X, and is now staring at a registration form. What happens next is the same for almost every player, and understanding each step is how you avoid the traps.

Step 1: Registration and KYC

Dan enters his details. Under UKGC rules, he must verify his age and identity before he can withdraw anything. That means a driving licence, passport, or a credit reference check. The average KYC turnaround at a UKGC-licensed operator is under 24 hours, though it can stretch to 72 hours during peak periods.

At an offshore operator, KYC often happens at withdrawal rather than registration. That is the moment Dan discovers he needs to send documents, and it is the moment many players give up and forfeit their winnings. The bonus was never really his until the paperwork clears.

Step 2: Claiming the Bonus

Some bonuses apply automatically. Others require a promo code. Dan enters his code, sees £10 land in his balance, and feels a small rush. That rush is the product. The operator knows the average player who claims a no deposit bonus will deposit within 72 hours, and around 12% will become long-term customers.

The bonus arrives with a clock attached. Most UK no deposit bonuses expire in 7 to 30 days, and the wagering requirement must be met inside that window. Dan has 14 days to turn £10 into £400 of stakes. Miss the deadline and the balance disappears.

Step 3: Playing Through the Wagering Requirement

Dan picks a slot. He does not pick a high-volatility Pragmatic Play title, because he has read the terms and knows that only slots contribute 100% to wagering. He avoids the Evolution live tables, where contribution is 10%, and he avoids blackjack entirely at 5%.

His £10 at 40x means £400 of stakes. At £0.50 per spin that is 800 spins. At 3 spins per minute, that is over 4 hours of play. Dan will not finish in one sitting. He will finish over three or four evenings, and each session carries its own risk of busting out before the requirement is met.

Step 4: The Withdrawal and the Cap

Dan gets lucky. He hits a bonus round on a NetEnt slot, his balance climbs to £340, and he clears the wagering requirement. He requests a withdrawal. The cap is £50. He receives £50, and £290 disappears back into the operator's margin.

This is the part nobody advertises. The cap is disclosed in the terms, usually in the fourth or fifth paragraph, and it is the single most common source of player complaints to the UKGC's dispute resolution service. Read it before you play, not after.

What Happens If Dan Deposits Instead?

He gets a bigger bonus. A £50 deposit at a brand like Bet365 casino or William Hill casino unlocks a £50 match, giving him £100 to play with. The wagering requirement is now on the total, so £100 at 35x equals £3,500 of stakes. The expected loss at 96% RTP is £140. The bonus is worth £50.

That is the trade. A deposit bonus is larger but the wagering is proportionally heavier. The optimal play for a value-focused player is a smaller bonus with lower wagering, or a no-wagering offer like PlayOJO casino's, where the bonus is worth exactly what it says.

How to Extract Real Value From a No Deposit Bonus

Dan learned the hard way. You do not have to. The following approach is what experienced players do, and it does not require any special skill, just discipline and a calculator.

1. Read the wagering requirement first, before the bonus amount.
2. Check the maximum cashout cap, which is the ceiling on your upside.
3. Confirm the expiry window and whether it resets on deposit.
4. Check game contribution rates, especially for live dealer and table games.
5. Verify the licence, because a UKGC brand gives you dispute resolution.
6. Set a time limit, because wagering requirements eat hours as well as money.
7. Never chase a bonus with your own deposit to "finish" the wagering.

That last point is where most players lose money. The bonus is small. The temptation to top up to complete the wagering is the trap. The operator's model assumes a percentage of players will do exactly that, and the maths works because they do.

Is a No Deposit Bonus Ever Actually Worth It?

Yes, under specific conditions. If the wagering is 30x or lower, the cashout cap is £100 or higher, and the eligible games include high-RTP slots from providers like NetEnt, Microgaming, or Hacksaw Gaming, the expected value can be positive for a disciplined player.

Take a £10 bonus at 30x with a £100 cap. Expected loss on £300 turnover at 96.5% RTP is £10.50. The bonus is £10. It is roughly break-even before variance, and the cap gives you a real shot at a £100 payout. That is a fair offer. A £10 bonus at 60x with a £50 cap is not.

What Are the Warning Signs of a Bad Offer?

Wagering above 40x. Cashout caps below £50. Expiry under 7 days. Game contribution rates that exclude everything except a narrow list of low-RTP slots. Bonus terms spread across multiple pages with no single summary. Any of these individually is a yellow flag. Two or more together means walk away.

Offshore offers often stack all four. The headline of £100 no deposit looks generous until you calculate the £6,000 turnover at 60x and the £100 cap. The expected loss is £240. The bonus is £100. The player is funding the operator's marketing budget with their own bankroll.

Responsible Gambling and the Legal Framework

Every operator mentioned in this guide that holds a UKGC licence must display responsible gambling tools, and you should use them. Gambling in the UK is legal for anyone aged 18 or over, and the national helpline is 0808 8020 133, operated by GamCare and available 24 hours a day.

Self-exclusion is available through GAMSTOP, the national online self-exclusion scheme. Registering with GAMSTOP for a minimum of 6 months blocks you from all UKGC-licensed operators. It is free, it is immediate, and it is the single most effective tool if gambling stops being fun.

Deposit limits, loss limits, session timers, and reality checks are available at every UKGC brand, including Bet365 casino, William Hill casino, Sky Bet casino, Ladbrokes casino, and Paddy Power casino. Set them before you play, not after. The average session length for a player who sets a timer is 40% shorter than for one who does not.

What Should You Do If a Bonus Causes Problems?

Stop. Close the tab. The bonus is worth £10 or £50, not your rent money. If you feel pressure to complete wagering, that is the sign to walk away. Contact GamCare on 0808 8020 133 or use GAMSTOP to block yourself from every UK-licensed site at once.

If you have a dispute with a UKGC-licensed operator, you can escalate to the operator's ADR provider, typically eCOGRA or IBAS. For offshore operators, there is no equivalent. That is the trade-off you accept when you play outside the UK framework.

How Does the UKGC Regulate Bonus Offers?

Since October 2022, the UKGC has required that bonus terms be fair, clear, and not misleading. Operators must not impose complex wagering conditions that make it practically impossible to withdraw. They must also display the significant terms alongside the offer, not buried in a separate document.

That is why UK-licensed no deposit bonuses look smaller than offshore ones. The regulation caps how aggressive the terms can be. A £10 bonus at 40x with a £50 cap is compliant. A £100 bonus at 60x with a £100 cap and a 7-day expiry would attract scrutiny.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I really get a casino no deposit bonus in the UK?

Yes, but the true no deposit offers are limited. Free bingo tickets from Gala Bingo, Foxy Bingo, and Sun Bingo are the most common. Free spins bundles from Slots Temple and occasional £10 to £20 offers from 888 Casino also qualify. Most UK brands use deposit match offers instead.

What is the average wagering requirement on a UK no deposit bonus?

Between 30x and 40x on the bonus amount. Some brands apply it to bonus plus deposit, which effectively doubles the requirement. Always check which figure the multiplier applies to, because the difference between 35x on £10 and 35x on £60 is £1,750 of extra turnover.

How long does it take to withdraw no deposit bonus winnings?

At a UKGC-licensed operator, typically 24 hours to 3 working days after KYC clears. At an offshore operator, 5 to 10 working days is common, and some brands impose additional verification rounds. The UKGC requires operators to process withdrawals promptly, though "promptly" is not defined in hours.

Do I have to pay tax on casino bonus winnings in the UK?

No. UK gambling winnings are not subject to income tax or capital gains tax for recreational players. The operator pays gambling duty, currently 21% on remote casino gross gambling yield, so the tax is already baked into the product. You do not declare it.

Which is better, a no deposit bonus or a deposit match?

It depends on your goal. A no deposit bonus lets you test a brand with zero risk, but the caps and wagering limit the upside. A deposit match gives you more to play with but requires your own money on the line. For pure value, a no-wagering deposit offer beats both.

What happens if I do not meet the wagering requirement in time?

The bonus and any winnings derived from it are removed from your balance. You keep any funds you deposited, but the bonus portion vanishes. This is why checking the expiry window matters as much as checking the wagering multiplier. Set a calendar reminder for the day before expiry.

there any offshore no deposit offers I should avoid?

Any offer that combines a headline above £50 with wagering above 50x, a cashout cap under £100, and an expiry under 7 days is structurally unfavourable. Add a Curacao licence with no UK dispute route and you have an offer where the expected loss exceeds the bonus value by a factor of two or more.

Do no deposit bonuses affect my credit score?

No. Soft credit checks used for age and identity verification at UKGC-licensed operators do not appear on your credit file and do not affect your score. Hard checks are not used for gambling account opening. Your bank may flag gambling transactions separately, but that is a banking matter, not credit.

Can I claim more than one no deposit bonus?

At different operators, yes. The same operator, no. Every UKGC brand runs device fingerprinting, IP checks, and payment method matching. Claiming twice from one brand usually results in the second bonus being voided and both accounts being flagged. The terms on this are unambiguous.

The Economics Behind Offshore Generosity

There is a reason a Curacao-licensed brand can advertise £100 no deposit when a UKGC operator caps out at £10. It is not better funding or a kinder business model. It is a different cost structure, a different tax position, and a different set of obligations to the player.

UKGC-licensed operators pay 21% remote casino duty on gross gambling yield, plus the annual licence fee, plus contributions to the Gambling Commission's regulatory budget, plus ADR scheme costs, plus responsible gambling levies. That stack eats into the margin and directly limits how much can be given away up front.

Offshore operators licensed in Curacao pay a flat annual fee in the region of a few thousand euros and face no UK duty on UK players. That is the entire explanation for the headline gap. The £100 no deposit bonus is not generosity, it is a tax arbitrage passed to the player as marketing.

What Does the Operator Actually Earn From Dan?

Let us price Dan properly. He claims a £10 no deposit bonus. He wagers £400 at 96% RTP. Expected operator gross win on that turnover is £16. The bonus cost £10. Net position: plus £6 before any deposit.

Now Dan deposits £50. He gets a £50 match. He wagers £3,500 at 96% RTP. Expected operator gross win is £140. Bonus cost £50. Net position: plus £90. If Dan stays for 12 months and generates £340 in net gaming revenue, the acquisition cost of £180 is recovered within roughly 7 months.

That is the model. It works because the maths is predictable across thousands of players. Dan is not special. He is one line in a cohort table, and the cohort table is why the offer exists.

Why Do Free Spins Dominate UK No Deposit Offers?

Because they are cheaper to administer and easier to cap. A bundle of 50 free spins at £0.10 per spin is worth £5 in exposure, not £50. The headline says "50 free spins" and the player reads value. The operator books a £5 cost. Everyone is happy until the winnings are capped at £20.

Free spins also let the operator control which game is played, which means they can select a title with a specific RTP. A slot running at 94% returns more to the house than one at 96.5%, and the difference over thousands of players is significant. This is not hidden, but it is rarely explained.

What Role Do Game Providers Play in Bonus Value?

Providers such as Pragmatic Play, NetEnt, Microgaming, Evolution, Hacksaw Gaming, Play'n GO, and Big Time Gaming all publish RTP figures for their slots. The range runs from around 94% to 96.5% on standard settings, and some titles offer multiple RTP configurations that operators can select.

If a bonus restricts play to a narrow list of slots, check the RTP of those slots. A restricted list running at 94% turns a 40x wagering requirement into an effective 44x compared to a 96% alternative. Over £400 of turnover that is an extra £8 of expected loss, which is most of the bonus.

Building a Bonus Strategy That Actually Works

Dan's mistake was treating the bonus as free money. The players who extract value treat it as a small, time-limited contract with specific terms. They read it, they price it, and they decide whether the expected value is positive before they click claim.

The framework is simple. Calculate expected loss as turnover multiplied by house edge. Compare that to the bonus value. If the bonus exceeds expected loss, the offer has positive expected value before variance, and it is worth claiming. If it does not, skip it.

The table makes the point better than any paragraph. Only the no-wagering offer is unambiguously positive. The £10 at 30x is close enough to break-even that the cashout cap and the entertainment value justify claiming it. Everything above 35x is a losing proposition in expectation.

Does Variance Change the Calculation?

Yes, and it is why players still claim negative-EV bonuses. Expected loss is an average across thousands of trials. In a single session, Dan might hit a 500x win on his first spin and clear the wagering in an hour. The bonus has a lottery-like upside that the average does not capture.

That upside is real but small. The probability of turning a £10 bonus into a £100 cashout at 40x wagering on a 96% slot is roughly 8% to 12% depending on the slot's volatility. For the other 88% to 92% of players, the bonus is a small loss dressed as a gift.

Which Slot Volatility Suits Bonus Wagering?

Low volatility slots from providers like NetEnt or Microgaming grind out the wagering requirement with smaller swings. High volatility titles from Hacksaw Gaming or Big Time Gaming offer a shot at a big win that clears the requirement in one hit, but also a higher chance of busting out early.

For a £10 bonus at 40x, low volatility is the mathematically safer route. For a £50 bonus at 35x where the cap is £100, high volatility makes more sense because the only way to reach the cap is a big multiplier. Match the volatility to the cap, not to your mood.

Common Traps and How to Sidestep Them

The bonus terms are written by people whose job is to protect the operator's margin. They are not deceptive in a legal sense, but they are structured so that the most favourable reading is the one you take at a glance. Slow down and read the whole thing.

What Is Bonus Abuse and Will It Affect Me?

Bonus abuse is a term operators use for patterns that exploit offers, such as multiple accounts, matched betting, or low-risk wagering on excluded games. A normal player will never trigger it. But if you claim bonuses at 15 brands in a month, expect account reviews and possible bonus bans.

Operators share data through industry fraud-prevention networks. A flag at one brand can follow you to others. If you play straight, this is irrelevant. If you are running a scheme, it will catch up with you, and the terms give the operator the right to void winnings and close the account.

Why Do Some Bonuses Exclude Certain Payment Methods?

Because some methods are cheaper for the operator to process than others. Debit card deposits cost the operator around 1% to 2% in processing fees. E-wallets like PayPal or Skrill cost 2% to 4%. A bonus tied to a deposit via an expensive method eats into the margin, so those methods are often excluded.

PayPal was banned for UK gambling transactions between 2016 and 2018, then reinstated. Today most UKGC brands accept debit cards, PayPal, and bank transfers. Credit cards have been banned for UK gambling since April 2020. That ban is absolute and applies to all licensed operators.

What Happens If You Breach the Bonus Terms?

The operator voids the bonus and any winnings derived from it, and may close the account. You keep your original deposit in most cases, but not always. The terms usually state that the operator's decision is final, and at a UKGC brand you can escalate to an ADR provider if you believe the decision was unfair.

At an offshore operator, escalation is limited to the operator's own complaints process and then, in some cases, the Curacao regulator, which has a reputation for slowness. This is the practical difference between a UKGC licence and an offshore one, and it matters most when something goes wrong.

Which UK casino has the best no deposit bonus in 2026?

There is no single best, because "best" depends on your priorities. For zero-wagering value, PlayOJO casino leads. For free bingo with real cash prizes, Gala Bingo, Foxy Bingo, and Heart Bingo are strong. For free spins with no deposit, Slots Temple is a solid option.

Are no deposit bonuses legal in the UK?

Yes. No deposit bonuses are legal at UKGC-licensed operators, and they must comply with UKGC rules on fair and transparent terms. Offshore operators offering them to UK players operate outside UKGC jurisdiction, which is legal for the player but removes UK dispute resolution and consumer protections.

Do I need to verify my identity before claiming a no deposit bonus?

You need to verify before withdrawing, not before claiming. UKGC rules require age and identity verification before a withdrawal is processed. Some operators verify at registration, others at first withdrawal. Either way, have your ID ready, because a stalled verification is the most common reason withdrawals are delayed.

How many no deposit bonuses can I claim in a year?

There is no legal limit, but practically you will find 10 to 20 genuine UK offers worth claiming per year. Beyond that you are recycling through brands with increasingly poor terms. The market for true no deposit offers in the UK is small and shrinking as regulation tightens.

What is the difference between a no deposit bonus and free spins?

A no deposit bonus is cash credited to your balance with a wagering requirement attached. Free spins are a fixed number of spins on a specified slot, with winnings usually credited as bonus cash and subject to their own wagering. Free spins are cheaper for the operator and more common.

Can I withdraw a no deposit bonus immediately?

No. The wagering requirement must be met first, and the cashout cap applies. Even if you win £500 on a £10 bonus, you will receive the cap amount, typically £50 to £100. The rest is removed. This is standard across UK no deposit offers.

What is the highest no deposit bonus available to UK players?

From UKGC-licensed operators, genuine no deposit cash offers rarely exceed £20. Offshore operators advertise up to £500, but the wagering and cashout terms make the real value far lower. A £500 no deposit bonus at 60x with a £100 cap has a real expected value below zero.

Do no deposit bonuses expire?

Yes. The standard window is 7 to 30 days from claim, and some operators shorten it to 72 hours for free spins. If you do not meet the wagering requirement within the window, the bonus and any winnings are removed. Check the expiry before you claim, not after.

Is it worth claiming a no deposit bonus with 50x wagering?

Rarely. A £10 bonus at 50x means £500 of turnover and an expected loss of £20 at 96% RTP. The bonus is worth £10. The maths is negative before you factor in the cashout cap. Only claim it if you were going to play anyway and value the entertainment.

How do I compare no deposit bonuses properly?

Compare four numbers: bonus value, wagering multiplier, cashout cap, and expiry. Multiply bonus by multiplier to get turnover. Multiply turnover by 0.04 to get expected loss at 96% RTP. Compare expected loss to bonus value. If expected loss exceeds bonus, the offer is negative.

What is the safest way to claim a no deposit bonus?

Stick to UKGC-licensed operators, set a deposit limit before you play, and treat the bonus as entertainment rather than income. Never chase wagering with your own money. If you feel pressure to complete the requirement, that is the signal to stop, not to deposit more.

Final Thoughts on No Deposit Bonuses

Dan's story ends the way most do. He claimed a £10 bonus, wagered £400, hit a £340 win, and received £50. He was not cheated. He was processed by a system designed to convert him into a depositor, and the system worked exactly as intended.

The no deposit bonus is not a gift and it is not a scam. It is a customer acquisition tool with a price tag attached, and the price is paid in wagering requirements, cashout caps, and time. Understand that, and you can still extract value from the right offers. Ignore it, and you are funding someone else's marketing budget.

Play the maths, not the headline. Check the licence before the bonus. Set your limits before you register. And if the offer looks too generous to be true, it is because the terms on the back are doing the work the headline is hiding. That is the whole game, and now you know how it is played.

Gambling in the UK is restricted to those aged 18 or over. If you or someone you know is struggling with gambling, contact GamCare on 0808 8020 133, available 24 hours a day, or register with GAMSTOP for a minimum six-month self-exclusion across all UK-licensed operators. Both services are free, confidential, and independent of any operator mentioned in this guide.